Active Ingredients
The biochemical mechanisms behind clinical skincare formulations.
Retinoids
Vitamin A derivatives: Retinol, Retinaldehyde, and Tretinoin.
Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid)
Antioxidant protection, collagen synthesis, and stabilization challenges.
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3: Barrier function, sebum regulation, and melanosome transfer inhibition.
Hydroxy Acids (AHAs/BHAs)
Chemical exfoliation, pKa values, and depth of penetration.